苏州新东方教学区: 市区 | 工业园区 | 高新区 | 吴中区 | 常熟 [返回首页]
饮马桥总部:
人民路1058号(锦帆路55号)房地产大厦四层
文化市场教学区:
司前街117号苏州文化市场三、四楼(市会议中心对面)
师惠坊教学区:
工业园区师惠坊商业街82号三楼(星海学校北邻)
独墅湖高教区教学区:
文汇广场科教人才市场四楼
青少年活动中心教学区:
工业园区南施街288号(青少年活动中心内)
滨河路教学区:
高新区滨河路1388(近金山路)
敬请期待
雅思国际学习中心:
常熟书院街27号常熟图书馆

新东方解读新GRE阅读理解部分的改革

作者:胡楠    来源:北京新东方

        美国教育考试服务中心(ETS)将在2011年8月推出新的美国研究生院入学考试(GRE)。新的考试在传统GRE的考试内容、考试形式和计分方法上进行了变化。无疑,这一考试的变革将会深刻地影响国内莘莘学子的海外求学准备历程,而语文部分将依然是中国考生的软肋。按照ETS官方的讲法,“(新GRE考试将会)减少对于单词意涵背记的孤立考察(如取消类比和反义试题),更加突出基于语境的理解能力的考察(如增加阅读理解题目)”,以期更加深入并且真实地反映考生的高级认知能力。具体说来,这些能力包括:
  
        ·分析一段论述文字并推导结论;根据不完全的数据做推导;识别作者的前提/假设条件和视角; 理解语言文字的多层次含义,包括字面意涵,修辞意涵和作者目的等。
  
        ·挑选重要观点,区别主要论述和次要/相关论述;总结全文;理解文章结构。
  
        ·理解词,句和段落篇章的意涵;理解不同词和概念间的关系等。
  
  那么,发生在新GRE考试语文部分的具体变化主要有哪些呢?随之而来的准备重点的变化究竟是什么呢?我们首先来看看从解题的时间要求上新GRE考试将带给我们怎样的变化(请见表1)。

传统GRE考试

新GRE考试

两个部分

两个部分

每部分38题

每部分约20题

每部分30分钟

每部分30分钟


        表1 新旧GRE考试语文部分时间对比

        仅从表面上看来新GRE考试似乎给了考生更多的解题时间,这一变化会让粗心大意者欣喜不已。这一理解偏差的根本原因在于没有同时考察GRE题型的显著变化。让我们再来看看传统GRE考试语文部分中的题型分布(请见表2)

传统GRE考试题型

每部分中的题数/总题数

类比/反义词

20/38

句子填空

7/38

阅读理解

11/38


        表2 传统GRE考试语文部分各种题型数量对比

        从表2中我们可以看到,传统GRE考试语文部分中阅读理解和句子填空试题仅占语文考试题目比重的不到二分之一(18/38),而新GRE考试则主要由这两部分试题组成。这表明,我们再也不能仅仅通过勤奋地背记单词而取得考试的优胜;想要在新GRE考试中获得相对优势就必须夯实自己的“实力”。这个“实力”就是在更广泛语篇中参透作者字里行间的意义。换句话说,就是新GRE考试语文部分成倍地增加了英文语篇的阅读量,变相缩短了考试时间,实际上增加了考试难度。这将使绝大部分中国大陆考生不堪重负,甚至丧失已有的竞争优势。 

        面对这种情况,我们唯有两条解决策略。一是在新GRE考试登陆中国大陆地区之前参加传统GRE考试;二是认真分析新GRE的变化规律并且切实提高自己的学术文章阅读水平。下面,笔者将着力谈及新GRE考试阅读理解部分的题型,以期对各位考生有所启发。新GRE考试阅读理解部分有三种题型组成(请见表3):

Multiple-choice Questions — Select One Answer Choice:These are the traditional multiple-choice questions with five answer choices of which the examinee must select one.

第一种:多项选择题I (5选1)

Multiple-choice Questions — Select One or More Answer Choices:These provide three answer choices and ask the examinee to select all that are correct; one, two or all three of the answer choices may be correct. To gain credit for these questions, the examinee must select all the correct answers, and only those; there is no credit for partially correct answers.

第二种:多项选择题II(新题型)(在3个选择项中选择任意符合题意的答案,1项到3项均可,错选漏选不给分)

Select-in-Passage:The question asks the examinee to click on the sentence in the passage that meets a certain description. To answer the question, the examinee chooses one of the sentences and clicks on it; clicking anywhere on a sentence will highlight it.

第三种:段中点选题(新题型)

(在段落中点选符合题设问题的答案句)


        表3 新GRE考试阅读理解部分的三种题型

        下面,我们举一个ETS官方样题题目来分析。 

        Sample questions 1 to 3 below are based on this passage: 
        Policymakers must confront the dilemma that fossil fuels continue to be an indispensable source of energy even though burning them produces atmospheric accumulations of carbon dioxide that increase the likelihood of potentially disastrous global climate change. Currently, technology that would capture carbon dioxide emitted by power plants and sequester it harmlessly underground or undersea instead of releasing it into the atmosphere might double the cost of generating electricity. But because sequestration does not affect the cost of electricity transmission and distribution, delivered prices will rise less, by no more than 50 percent. Research into better technologies for capturing carbon dioxide will undoubtedly lead to lowered costs. 

        (第一种题型:多项选择题I) 
        Sample Multiple-choice Questions — Select One Answer Choice 
        1. The passage implies which of the following about the current cost of generating electricity? 
        A. It is higher than it would be if better technologies for capturing carbon dioxide were available. 
        B. It is somewhat less than the cost of electricity transmission and distribution. 
        C. It constitutes at most half of the delivered price of electricity. 
        D. It is dwelt on by policymakers to the exclusion of other costs associated with electricity delivery. 
        E. It is not fully recovered by the prices charged directly to electricity consumers. 

        Answer: C 

        解析:首先,我们需要找到题干文句中的定位关键词 “the current cost of generating electricity”。之后,将这个关键词定位到文章中去,发现这组定位词出现在文章当中的第二句话当中:“Currently, technology that would capture carbon dioxide emitted by power plants and sequester it harmlessly underground or undersea instead of releasing it into the atmosphere might double the cost of generating electricity.”我们发现文章的下一句话当中出现了这样的比例关系。“But because sequestration does not affect the cost of electricity transmission and distribution, delivered prices will rise less, by no more than 50 percent.”这说明“sequestration”所导致的发电成本所占的比重不超过包括传输在内的总费用(delivered prices)的二分之一。既然只有“发电”和“送电”两个过程。那么,发电的花费当然是最多只能占到二分之一了。答案C所说正是:“It constitutes at most half of the delivered price of electricity.”故选。通过这道题目,我们发现ETS在新GRE考试中沿用了传统GRE考试的解题套路。 

        (第二种题型:多项选择题II) 
        Sample Multiple-choice Questions — Select One or More Answer Choices 
        Consider each of the three choices separately and select all that apply. 
        2. The passage suggests that extensive use of sequestration would, over time, have which of the following consequences? 
        A. The burning of fossil fuels would eventually cease to produce atmospheric accumulations of carbon dioxide. 
        B. The proportion of the delivered price of electricity due to generation would rise and then decline. 
        C. Power plants would consume progressively lower quantities of fossil fuels. 

        Answer: B 


        解析:首先,从文章中可以看出,没有什么方法可以“停止”大气中二氧化碳的累积,所以A选项中所提到的“The burning of fossil fuels would eventually cease to produce atmospheric accumulations of carbon dioxide.”显然是错误的。另外,整个文章中也并没有提供一种方法可以使得电厂可以 “减少化石燃料的使用量”,所以C选项显然不符合题意。由于文章中的最后二句话中指出:“But because sequestration does not affect the cost of electricity transmission and distribution, delivered prices will rise less, by no more than 50 percent. Research into better technologies for capturing carbon dioxide will undoubtedly lead to lowered costs.”所以,随着化石燃料使用量的增加,未来可以预期的发电成本将会先增加后减少。应该选择选项B(The proportion of the delivered price of electricity due to generation would rise and then decline.)由此可以看出,尽管新GRE考试中出现了新的多项选择题型,但是并没有在实质上改变原有的命题核心思想。即考察考生的对文章事实的理解和推断进一步信息的能力。所以,原有的解题方法的运用不仅是可能的,也是必要的应对新GRE考试的工具。 

        (第三种题型:段中点选题) 
        Sample Select-in-Passage Question 
        3. Select the sentence that explains why an outcome of sequestration that might have been expected would not occur. 

        Answer: 

        "But because sequestration does not affect the cost of electricity transmission and distribution, delivered prices will rise less, by no more than 50 percent." 

        面对这三种全新的题型,我们需要具备的能力和准备的方向又该如何呢?除却传统GRE复习过程中对于语篇结构和句法的把握之外,段中点选题(Select-in-Passage Question)又为我们提出了新的要求。这种题型要求我们准确把握文章中各个句子之间的逻辑关系。由于传统GRE阅读理解考试当中很少涉及此类信息的考察,句际关系就成了多数考生思维上的盲点。事实上,英文作为一种“形合”的语言,它的起承转合之间经常依赖逻辑关系词的介入和辅助。以第三题为例,此题表面上是考察考生对句子的理解和信息搜索能力,而实际上则是考察问题中所涉及的结论在原文当中是如何被解释的。如果各位能够注意到题干当中的“…explains why an outcome of sequestration…”,那么,就可以迅速而直接地定位到原文的表示原因的句式(…But because sequestration…)当中。这种why和because之间的微妙对应关系可以泛化到广阔的同类命题当中去。笔者对在新GRE考试中可能出现的句际关系做了以下总结(请见表4),相信这些信号词的总结会给广大考生在应对新GRE考试阅读理解部分时带来帮助。

1

分类式中的标志词

categories

classification

groups

sorts

classes

2

排序式中的标志词

first

now

later

last

3

列举式中的标志词

1 2 3 4

another

next

first, second

also

4 (1)

比较式中的标志词

compare

like/alike

resembles

in the same manner

4 (2)

对比式中的标志词

although

however

but

different

5 (1)

表原因的标志词

because

for this reason

since

attribute to

traceable

5 (2)

表结果的标志词

as a result

in effect

therefore

reflection

motivation

expansion

6

定义式的标志词

define

the term means

we mean

is defined as

that is

i.e.

7

例证式的标志词

for example

for instance

to illustrate

specifically

such as

8 (1)

表示问题的标志词

problem

duskiness

fogginess

phenomenon

dilemma

mistiness

8 (2)

表示解决的标志词

solution

remedy

therapy

resolve

resolution


        表4 新GRE考试阅读理解中常见句际关系词总结
[打印] [关闭]
饮马桥教学区:人民路1058号房地产大厦北四层 电话:0512-65120898 雅思国际学习中心:常熟书院街27号常熟图书馆 电话:0512-52220913
滨河路教学区:高新区滨河路1388(近金山路) 电话:0512-62390208 独墅湖高教区教学区:文汇广场科教人才市场四楼 电话:0512-60762750
师惠坊教学区:工业园区师惠坊商业街82号三楼 电话:0512-67672091 文化市场教学区:司前街117号苏州文化市场三、四楼
青少年活动中心教学区:工业园区南施街288号 苏州大学报名点:苏州大学本部图书馆一楼咨询台
校长信箱:szheadmaster@staff.neworiental.org          咨询或投诉E-mail: suzhou_tousu@staff.neworiental.org